Background and approach to development of a theory of. The goal of her algorithm, which existed as a set of notes, was to direct the analytical engine to calculate bernoulli numbers. A brief look at the history of malware shows us that this malicious menace has been with us since the dawn of computing itself. Oct 25, 2016 applying general systems theory to the evolution of computing gives the computing levels shown in figure 1. The theory of evolution through natural selection was the first scientific theory that put together evidence of change through time as well as a mechanism for how it happens.
The stakeholders of these systems understand the problem and thus know what is. Between the two books you get a fairly thorough treatment of the events that led to the modern computer and the historical development of these machines. The process of software evolution is driven by requests for changes and includes change impact analysis, release planning and change implementation. Evolution and computer science nikhilesh kargutkar abstract this theory explains evolution in terms of computer science. The evolution of the computer virus lewis university online. As a consequence, servicebased applications may fail on the service client side due to changes carried.
For the majority of computer history, the primary way to purchase software was to buy individual licenses for programs on dedicated computers that served specific functions. Installed software is outdated legacy professionals have technology leftover from mainframe systems. Mechanical era,the first popular general electronic digital. Abacus, an early computing tool, the invention of logarithm by john napier and the invention of slide rules by william oughtred were significant events in the evolution. The evolution of computers and software many people think computers are a fairly recent invention, but the truth is the concept of the computer dates all the way back to 1822. The acm committee on curriculum in computer science suggests four subsets for study. Dennis ritchie and his team created c based on the earlier language bcpl basic combined programming language and soon after rewrote the source code for unix in c. The history of computers dates back to the invention of a mechanical adding machine in 1642.
Alan turing developed the first theory for computer software in an essay he wrote in 1935, titled. History of computer, computer history, evolution of computer. Without knowledge of any calculating machine inventors since leibniz who lived in the 1600s, zuse reinvented babbages concept of programming and decided on his own to employ. Computers and electronics play an enormous role in todays society, impacting everything from communication and medicine to science. At the time, one of the key people behind coining the phrase software engineering was margaret hamilton, a computer scientist who was director of the software engineering division of the mit instrumentation laboratory. This eventually led to the creation of the twin academic fields of computer science and software engineering, which both study software and its creation. It wasnt until 1936 that a unified theory on what constitutes a generalpurpose computer and how it should function was finally. Software evolution is a term which refers to the process of developing software.
Master degree in computer software and theory, harbin. Many aspects of its design were based on the desire to replace punched card machines which were in wide use from the 1920s through the early 1970s. These changes will require new laws and theories to be created and justified. In the middle 1700s, carolus linnaeus came up with his taxonomic naming system, which grouped like species together and implied there was an evolutionary connection between species within.
Mechanical era,the first popular general electronic digital computer was the eniac. Apr 19, 2010 evolution of computers learn the brief history of evolution of the computer discuss how the computer technology develops over the next generations slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. History of computers a brief timeline of their evolution. To control service development, a service developer needs to know why a change was made, what are its implications and whether the change is complete. The paper briefly refers to a number of the, by now well known, results of the authors studies of software evolution since they provide a basis and framework for the development of a theory of the phenomenon. Software evolution american journal of engineering research. None of the early computational devices were really computers in the modern sense, and it took considerable advancement in mathematics and theory before the first modern computers could be designed. Engines of the mind is much more focused on the people that are behind the story, and less focused on the businesses and theory of computing that those individuals helped advance. Alan turing developed the first theory for computer software in an essay he wrote in 1935, titled computable numbers with an application to the entscheidungsproblem. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and. The ubiquity of computers and hence of software in virtually all aspects of human activity has resulted. Gregorio robles, adapting the staged model for software evolution to floss. Explain the evolution and history of computer answers. The computer hardware provides the capability to perform computingrelated tasks.
The first modern theory of software was proposed by alan. Applying general systems theory to the evolution of computing gives the computing levels shown in figure 1. The evolution of computers and software it hare on soft. Introduction to software evolution 17 message when an industry approaches 50 years of age it takes more workers to perform maintenance than to build new products ex. Evolutionary algorithms form a subset of evolutionary computation in that they generally only involve techniques implementing mechanisms inspired by biological evolution such as reproduction, mutation, recombination, natural selection and survival of the fittest. The objectives of this study are to stress the inevitability of software evolution, to.
The first modern theory of software was proposed by alan turing in his 1935 essay computable numbers with an application to the entscheidungsproblem decision problem. The theory of evolution is a scientific theory that essentially states that species change over time. The manchester baby, as it became known, was constructed by the engineers f. A theory and model for the evolution of software services. A personal computer is one intended for interactive individual use, as opposed to a mainframe computer where the end users requests are filtered through operating staff, or a timesharing system in which one large processor is shared by many individuals. These technologies include computers, the internet, broadcasting technologies radio and television and telephony undp, 2000. The history of science reflects many different ways of achieving an. The theory of evolution by natural selection, first formulated in darwins book on the origin of species in 1859, is the process by which organisms change over time as a result of changes in. The evolution of the computer an electronic tablet which has a wifi connection, anywhere, free and can be used without a desktop computer. Software evolution phenomenon is a topic that is necessary to investigate. Candidate solutions to the optimization problem play the role of individuals in a population, and the cost function determines the. Typically, service clients do not perceive the upgraded service immediately. This is when charles babbage, an english mathematician, conceived of the idea of a calculating machine driven by steam. The first software algorithm, however, was written for babbages analytical engine in 1842 by the countess of lovelace, augusta ada kingnoel, also known as ada lovelace.
Modelling, process improvement, software engineering, spe. Evolution in software and related areas computer science. Jul 14, 2019 history of the theory of evolution the idea that traits are passed down from parents to offspring has been around since the ancient greek philosophers time. What is the origin and evolution of computer answers. In 1964 ibm announced the s360 series, which was the first family of computers that could run the same software at different combinations of speed, capacity and price. Investigate the evolution of a software system to identify potential shortcomings in its architecture or logical structure structural shortcomings can the be subjected to reengineering or restructuring prerequisite. The evolution of computing the social design of technical systems. The history of software patents in the united states.
In short, it is a device which is invented to simplify the complicated tasks. Douglas engelbart shows a prototype of the modern computer, with a mouse and a graphical user interface gui. His vision of a virus was as a selfreplicating automatic entity and in 1971 the creeper virus, the first real computer virus, was exactly that. Evolutionary algorithms are now used to solve multidimensional problems more efficiently than software produced by human designers, and also to optimise the design of systems. The human aspect of computers is that they wanted a way to do calculations, which includes adding and multiplying multiple numbers. Now in this specialty, there are 22 professors, 34 associate professors. We invented a whole new class of computer programming languages known as list processing languages.
The calculating machine invented by blaise pascal in 1642 and. It used a magnetic core memory of 4000 characters later expanded to 16,000 characters. Software engineering software evolution geeksforgeeks. Evolution of computers learn the brief history of evolution of the computer discuss how the computer technology develops over the next generations slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Some 12,000 were shipped, making it the most successful machine in computer history at the time. In order for a computer to function, it requires some kind of computer program or software. Tables effective modular design in software engineering what is obfuscation. Here we will learn about computers, their developers, technologies used in different computer generations, usages etc. Evolution of ict ict evolution history makers of technology.
A brief history of malware its evolution and impact lastline. The eight laws of software evolution provide phenomenological descriptors of the evolutionary behaviour observed over the years in a number of software systems. Software evolution can be fully manual based on changes by software engineers, partially automated e. In computer science, simulations of evolution using evolutionary algorithms and artificial life started in the 1960s and were extended with simulation of artificial selection.
The ancient abacus was perhaps the first digital computing device. The history of the personal computer as a massmarket consumer electronic device began with the microcomputer revolution of the 1970s. The software is the set of instructions that humans create to tell the computer what to do. Williams and tom kilburn, and performed its first calculation on 21 june 1948.
Alan turing is credited with being the first person to come up with a theory for software in 1935, which led to the two academic fields of computer science and software engineering. The evolution process includes fundamental activities of change analysis. Computer implemented processes, or software, has been patented in the united states since 1968. A computer is an electronic device used for storing and processing data and carrying out sequence of operations. The completed machine was announced to the public the evening of february 14, 1946. Many companies offer a range of related software systems choose a stable architecture for the software family identify variations for different members of the family represents a strategic business decision about what software to develop vertical families e. The first recorded idea of using digital electronics for computing was the 1931 paper the use of thyratrons for high speed automatic counting of physical phenomena by c.
Information and communications technology ict stands for information and communication technologies and are defined as a diverse set of technological tools and resources used to communicate, and to create, disseminate, store, and manage information. Evolution of digital computers, from analog to digital. If information technology design is computing built to hardware and software. As academic interest grew, dramatic increases in the power of computers allowed practical applications, including the automatic evolution of computer programs. Asked in computers, computer networking, local area network. Object orientation programming is the concept behind this theory. It was named electronic numerical integrator and calculator eniac. Approach to a theory of software evolution semantic scholar. Introduction to software evolution 27 costs of maintenance usually greater than development costs 2 times to 100 times depending on the application affected by both technical and nontechnical factors increases as software is maintained maintenance corrupts the software structure, making further maintenance more difficult ageing software can have high support costs. Abacus, an early computing tool, the invention of logarithm by john napier and the invention of slide rules by william oughtred were significant events in the evolution of computers from these early computing devices. Lehmans laws, such as the notion that change is continuous, describe a number of insights derived from longterm studies of system evolution. It also pioneered the commercial use of microprograms, and an extended instruction set designed for processing many types of data, not just arithmetic. Software evolution background, theory, practice citeseerx.
Software services are subject to constant change and variation. The history of computer dated back to the period of scientific revolution i. The modern history of computing stanford encyclopedia of. The first generation of software for early storedprogram digital computers in the late 1940s had its instructions written directly in binary code, generally written for mainframe computers. One of the labs key projects in the late 1960s was developing the onboard flight software for the apollo space program. Artificial evolution became a widely recognised optimisation method as a result of the work of ingo rechenberg in the 1960s. Applying general systems theory to the evolution of computing gives the computing. Before learning about evolution of computers, first let us know the definition of a computer. Actually, the laws represent an emerging theory of software. The elk cloner is considered the first major computer virus outbreak in history, primarily because the public was not educated or familiar with the concept of viruses. Dean 2142cmis3106380 march 9, 2014 table of contents i. The virus was attached to a computer game for the apple dos system, a computer system that was very vulnerable to infection due to its storage capabilities. Software patents have a long history in the united states.
Software engineering education should include software evolution. The author then summarises his most recent results outlining a proof that every etype program reflects an unbounded number of assumptions about the application. Part 4 famly range, compatibility and evolution when bell and newell first published this in 1971, the concept of computer structures was just emerging. The history of science reflects many different ways. As such, unix was easily ported to other computers and spread swiftly. History of computer, computer history, evolution of. Jan 25, 2017 zuses third machine, the z3, built in 1941, was probably the first operational, generalpurpose, programmable that is, software controlled digital computer. There are many different ways species change, but most of them can be described by the idea of natural selection.
Yet to design a computer system one must define it, so what is computing. The basic idea is that whenever a piece of information is stored in memory, additional information should be stored with it telling where to find the next associated piece of information. Lehmans laws of evolution, open source software evolution. This theory also explains some unexplained philosophical concepts like soul, reincarnation, astrology, god, moksha etc. The earliest generalpurpose storedprogram electronic digital computer to work was built in newmans computing machine laboratory at manchester university. Nov 30, 2014 software patents have a long history in the united states. Evolution of computer history the history of computers initially started with humans using tools like pebbles and notches in sticks to count objects. The following brief history of computing is a timeline of how computers evolved from their humble beginnings to the machines of today. This marks the evolution of the computer from a specialized machine for. Ebuyer has put together an infographic detailing the history of the computer from the origins of the word to the introduction of modernday tablets. The main objectives of software evolution are ensuring functional relevance, reliability and flexibility of the system. The evolution of computing the social design of technical.
169 82 705 438 1544 767 810 249 1005 418 637 191 1246 634 374 248 1604 692 1537 1265 1119 507 171 1188 434 1567 890 1533 119 935 570 907 19 1227 55 197 1181 1151 957 560 501 1457